2.9. Western blot analysis

Western blotting was performed in accordance with the standard methods. Briefly, cells were lysed in RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail (FDbio Science, Shanghai, China). Protein extracts were separated by SDS‐PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). After blocking with 5% non‐fat dry milk, the membranes were incubated with primary antibody at 4°C overnight, followed by an incubation with HRP‐conjugated secondary antibody for 1 hours at room temperature. Immunoreactive bands were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL; Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The primary antibodies and dilutions used for western blot analysis are listed in xTable S1.