Insecticide resistance testing

To measure the susceptibility or resistance of the mosquitoes to various insecticides, a standard World Health Organization (WHO) tube assay was performed according to standard procedures [19]. Supplies and insecticide-treated papers were obtained from the WHO. Three- day-old adult mosquitoes were provided a human blood meal from artificial membrane feeders and tested for resistance to insecticides 1 h post-blood meal. Mosquitoes were tested 1 hour after a blood meal to simulate the exposure of a female resting after obtaining a blood meal in nature. Twenty-five blood-fed adult females were exposed to each insecticide for 1 h, and the number of dead mosquitoes was recorded at both 1 and 24 h post-exposure.