The athymic Balb/c nude mice aged from 4–6 weeks were used for the in vivo tumorigenesis experiments. Tumor volume was calculated as follow: volume = (L × W2) / 2 (V, volume; L, length diameter; W, width diameter). All the necessary steps were taken to minimize the suffering and distress caused to the mice. The procedures of tumor formation assay are described in the Supplementary Methods.
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