Cells were incubated with the membrane-potential-sensitive dye FluoVolt™ (Molecular Probes (Thermo Fisher Scientific)) at 1:500 dilution at room temperature for 30 min before washing and resuspension in RPMI 1640 for pulse exposure. For image analysis, a ring-shaped region enclosing the cell membrane was selected as the region of interest (ROI) for each cell. The change in membrane potential is proportional to the ratio of the change in mean fluorescence to the initial fluorescence (∆F/F0) in the ROI. Sham exposures were recorded with cells treated with the same protocol but without delivery of the pulsed electric field. Sham exposures were subtracted from each data point.
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