2.2 Criteria for DYS

To qualify for entry into the larger clinical trial (see Barquero, Sefcik, Cutting, & Rimrodt, 2015; see ClinicalTrials.gov: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00624234","term_id":"NCT00624234"}}NCT00624234), DYS had to score < 25%ile on 1 of three tests, and TD had to score > 35^th %ile on two out of three tests and ≥ 27%ile on all three tests: Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-II Word Reading Subtest (WIAT-II; Wechsler, 2005), Word Attack (WA), or Letter Word Identification (LWID) of Woodcock Johnson-III Normative Update (WJ-III; McGrew, Schrank, & Woodcock, 2007; Woodcock, McGrew, & Mather, 2001). To be included for the current study, we applied further inclusionary criteria: DYS had to meet the clinical trial entry criteria, as well as score ≤ 25^th percentile on a composite measure of word reading (WR-COMP) which consisted of the WIAT-II Word Reading Subtest, Test of Word Reading Efficiency Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (TOWRE-PDE; Torgesen, Wagner, & Rashotte, 1997), Word Identification and Spelling Test (WIST; Wilson & Felton, 2004) Sound Symbol Subtest, and WJ-III Basic Reading (BR); TD also had to meet the clinical trial entry criteria as well as have a WR-COMP score > 27%ile. Average WR-COMP scores for the DYS group were 8^th %ile, and the average WR-COMP scores for the TD group were 53%ile (p <.05; see Supplementary Table 1) and there was no overlap between group scores on either WR-COMP or the WJ-III BR.