2.3. Mitochondria Isolation

Mitochondria were isolated from the freshly harvested brain, heart, kidney, and liver using differential centrifugation as previously reported (Kim et al., 2016) and stored at −80 °C. The detailed procedure is provided in the supplementary materials. Mitochondrial protein concentration was determined by the BCA assay using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Mitochondrial yields were expressed as, “mg mitochondrial protein/g tissue.” The data from all assays were normalized to the mitochondria protein concentration.