The cell-laden, bioprinted, and crosslinked constructs of both lattice and rectangular-sheets were overlaid with complete growth medium for mouse MSC and cultured in an incubator (37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95% RH) up to 72 h. During this time, the culture medium was changed by removing the spent medium and by adding fresh growth medium after every 24-h interval. From our previous study, it was shown that culturing the cell-laden constructs in this manner did not affect cell viability nor proliferation, even in the interior parts of the construct, as it was reasonably porous, allowing nutrient uptake and oxygenation [6]. Moreover, 3D cell printing has been shown to allow the effective generation of a cell-laden porous architecture that enables a sufficient supply of cellular nutrition and oxygen [20]. In addition, others have shown that porous 3D cell-printed patches exhibit a higher cell viability [20] than their non-3D printed counterparts.
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