Primary astrocytes were plated at a density of 50 × 103 per well in XF24 cell-culture microplates for 48 h. On the day of assay, the medium was replaced with glucose-free XF24 Seahorse medium. Glycolytic flux (basal glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, and glycolytic reserve) was assessed as the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) by sequentially adding glucose, oligomycin, and 2-deoxyglucose to the XF24 flux analyzer23. ECAR was measured at 37 °C with a 1-min mix, 1-min wait, and 2-min measurement protocol. Seahorse analysis was started after 45 min of incubation in a CO2-free incubator. The first ECAR measurement was recorded after 11-min equilibration, a 1-min mix period, and a 1-min wait period.
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