Surgical procedures

All surgeries were performed by 1 of 3 surgeons using the same surgical approach. Laparoscopic RYGB entailed the formation of a jejunojejenostomy by anastomosing a 60- to 80-cm biliopancreatic limb to a point 150-cm distal along the roux limb, creation of a 5-cm gastric pouch, and formation of an anticolic, antigastric gastrojejunostomy using a 25-mm EEA™ circular stapler, for an internal stoma diameter of 15 mm. Laparoscopic SG entailed formation of a gastric sleeve using a stapling device with a bioabsorbable reinforcement (GORE, SEAMGUARD; Gore WL & Associates, Inc., Flagstaff, AZ, USA) over a 36-Fr or 40-Fr bougie. Finally, standardized postoperative order sets for pain and nausea control, diverticulitis prophylaxis, Foley catheter management, and diet were used for all patients.