All chemicals were used as received. PbI2 (99%), N,N-dimethylformamide (anhydrous), dimethyl sulfoxide, and chlorobenzene were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Methylammonium iodide (98%) was obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. A low-temperature TiOx SC solution was purchased from Shanghai MaterWin New Materials Co., Ltd.
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