Cellular ATP levels were determined by using a commercial ATP Colorimetric Assay Kit (Sigma-Aldrich). Briefly, 1 × 106 cells were lysed with ATP assay buffer and deproteinized by using a 10 kDa MWCO spin filter. ATP assay buffer containing ATP probe and converter was added to the sample at room temperature for 30 min, and then measured the absorbance at 570 nm (A570) in a microplate reader. All samples and standards were run in triplicate.
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