Intracellular ROS concentrations were measured using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), as described previously with slight modification72. Briefly, cells were incubated with H2DCFDA at a final concentration of 10 μM in medium for 30 min at 37 °C followed by our experimental treatments. After 30 min, fluorescence was measured at an excitation wavelength of 485 nm and an emission wavelength of 535 nm using a fluorescence reader.
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