Seawater (SW) was used in this paper for media preparation and dilutions. Seawater was obtained from Skegness, Lincolnshire, UK, which is located on the North Sea. The seawater was filtered using glass microfiber filters (pore size, 1.20 μm; Whatman®) and autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min, then stored at 4 °C until required. Synthetic seawater (SSW) was prepared according to the formula suggested by Fang et al.21 and the compositions for 1X SSW and 2X SSW are shown in Supplementary Table ST1.
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