Based on previous studies [4, 17ā20], working time per week was calculated using the following equation, involving three components: mean working time on weekdays, mean working time on weekends, and monthly number of night duties.
The mean weekly working time was defined as the sum of five times the mean daily working time on weekdays, plus two times the mean daily working time on weekends, plus the mean working time during night duties.
Demographics
The first survey, administered at the beginning of the orientation program, included age, gender, type of hospital (university or non-university).
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