Ethical Approval and Reporting Guidelines

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Seoul National University Hospital (IRB number: H-1306–053–495) and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (IRB number: B-1706/403–101) approved the study. The requirement for informed consent was waived as the study was a retrospective observational study without medical intervention. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was in adherence to the transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD) guideline.