Twenty-five healthy high school baseball players volunteered to participate in this study. Participant characteristics are shown in Table 1. Participants were excluded from the study if (1) they had pain during the throwing action; (2) they had a history of orthopaedic shoulder, elbow, or hand surgery; or (3) they had pitched in the 24 hours prior to measurement. All participants agreed to sign an informed consent declaration. This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan (M-66).
Descriptive Characteristics of the Sample (N = 25)
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