Cell lines and culture conditions

The PC3, LNCaP, and 22Rv1 cell lines (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were cultured in RPMI-1640, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The DU145 cell line was cultured in minimum essential Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 2 mM L-glutamine with antibiotics. The human non-tumorigenic prostate epithelial cell line RWPE-1 was cultured in keratinocyte serum-free medium supplemented with 5 ng/ml human recombinant epidermal growth factor and 30 mg/ml bovine pituitary extract (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Cultures were maintained in a 5% CO₂ humidified atmosphere at 37°C.