The release of ATP from vesicles were quantitated using a commercially available CellTiter-Glo Luminescent assay for ATP (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin, USA), following the protocol provided by the manufacturer.
The release of HMGB1 into cell supernatants was quantitated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (HMGB1 ELISA kit II, Shino Test Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), following the manufacturer's instructions.
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