For group comparisons, Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used because data were generally not normally distributed. Chi-squared test was used for binary outcomes.
Development in HR, RR and FiO2 was measured using a variance-components model with maximum likelihood estimation. Device, time, age, and sex, as well as interaction between time and device were chosen as explanatory variables. A squared link of time was also included to investigate nonlinear effects. The model was fitted with significant variables using simple backward elimination. Post-estimation analysis was conducted using residual diagnostics. For all analyses, significance level was defined as p < 0.05.
All statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 10 statistical software (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
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