The PBS-rinsed 48 h biofilm on the disk stained using the BacLight live/dead bacterial viability kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA). Live bacteria cells were stained with SYTO 9 emitting green fluorescence, while dead cells were stained with propidium iodide emitting red fluorescence. Biofilms of each group were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany).
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