Cells were seeded in 6-cm culture dishes in complete DMEM. After treatment with or without TGF-β, the monolayers were scratched with a 200 μl plastic pipette tip to create a uniform wound. Then, the monolayers were washed with PBS and incubated in culture medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The wound margin distances between the two edges of the migrating cell sheets were photographed after scratching using phase-contrast microscopy. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
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