2.9. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) analysis

The binding of HuNoV to Con A was measured with bio-layer interferometry-based BLItz system (ForteBio Inc., CA) as previously described. Amine reactive second generation (AR2G) biosensors were hydrated in distilled water for 10 min, and activated in 10 mM sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide (s-NHS) and 20 mM EDC. The HuNoV (GII.4) was immobilized on biosensors at concentrations of 10⁶ copies, and then 2 μM of Con A (C. ensiformis), BSA (bovine serum albumin, Sigma-Aldrich), SBA (soybean agglutin, Sigma-Aldrich), and Con A^MCR were measured at 25 °C, respectively. To measure the interaction between Con A and HuNoV (GII.4), the association and dissociation times were 180 and 240 s, respectively. Sensorgrams were measured on a BLItz system and referenced against the buffer reference signal using the Data Analysis software 7.1.0.36 (ForteBio Inc., CA).