2.1. Patients

This prospective study recruited 83 infants (male: 45; female: 38) aging from 1 day to 31 days with clinically suspected malrotation in the Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital between February 2013 and July 2016. All patients presented with acute clinical symptoms suggestive of malrotation, such as irritability, poor feeding, and bilious vomiting. Malrotation was diagnosed immediately after scanning by a pediatric sonographer, who was blinded to other examination findings. Patients who had a history of abdominal surgery or pyloric muscle hypertrophies were ruled out. The research was approved by the Hospital Institutional Clinical Research Ethics Committee. All informed parental consent forms were signed.