The malondialdehyde (MDA) represents the end product of lipid peroxidation [45]. The concentration of MDA can be measured by reacting with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) to form a stable chromophoric production. The MDA levels in the cell medium were measured by using a MDA kit (Jiancheng Bioengineering Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instruction [46]. It was analyzed with thiobarbituric acid method by monitoring MDA-reactive products spectrophotometrically. The absorption was measured using a spectrophotometer (Thermo, Minneapolis, MN, USA) at 532 nm.
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