Study Participants

Inclusion criteria were: obesity (body mass index >30 kg/m²), sedentary (<1 hour of structured activity per week), nonsmoking, and not taking any medication to control blood glucose. Qualifying participants (n=33) had a medical history and physical examination, including a blood test after an overnight fast to measure glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and chemistry profile. As recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA, 2014), participants with plasma glucose between 100–125 mg/dL or hemoglobin A1c of 5.7%–6.4% (5.93±1.16) were considered prediabetic and were eligible for the study.