Study Sample

Overall, 176 participants were recruited from a Cure & Care Service Center (CCSC) that provides MMT (n=110) in Klang Valley, and from three NSP sites (n=66) in Klang Valley, Kedah/Perlis and Pahang between November 2015 and August 2016.

Care & Cure Service Centers are operated by Malaysia’s Anti-Drug Agency (AADK) and provide limited psychosocial and medical care, as well as vocational training to patients recovering from substance use disorders. CCSC’s are voluntary, and provide MMT. The Malaysian AIDS Council (MAC) coordinates the efforts of nongovernmental and community-based organizations in Malaysia, including NSP. MAC has partnered with the Malaysian Ministry of Health to ensure that NSPs throughout Malaysia operate similarly, and offer needle/syringe exchange, HIV/HCV testing, condom distribution and assistance in completing welfare forms for social services.