Workplace Violence scale

The Workplace Violence (WPV) Scale developed by the International Labour Office, International Council of Nurses, WHO and Public Services International Joint Programme on Workplace Violence in the Health Sector in 2003 and the revised Survey of Violence Experienced by Staff were used to measure workplace violence.^{40 41} We obtained permission to use these scales. The scale used in this study consists of two dimensions (physical violence and psychological violence) and has nine items that were adopted from these scales. Each item is scored on a 4-point scale reflecting respondents’ frequency of exposure to violence (0=0 times, 1=1 time, 2=2–3 times and 3=≥4 times). The total possible score ranges from 0 to 27, with a higher total score indicating a higher frequency of exposure to WPV. The physical violence subscale consists of six items; thus, the total possible score ranges from 1 to 18. In the present study, Cronbach's α for the WPV Scale was 0.86.