Sociodemographic covariates

Age at MESA exam 2 (calculated using date of birth); gender (male or female); self-reported race/ethnicity categorized as White Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic; and the highest year of education completed were assessed via questionnaire. SES was assessed as annual personal income calculated by dividing annual household income (the midpoint of questionnaire-based categories) by the number of people it supported to account for family size. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared, and cigarette smoking and alcohol use were categorized into current consumption or no consumption. Working status was self-reported and recoded as employed, unemployed, and homemaker.