Microscopic images were processed using the ZEN 2.0 software and further analyzed using Adobe Photoshop CS5.1 to determine the orientation and clustering of bacterial cells attached on the line patterns. The orientation of each attached cell was measured by comparing to the orientation of the line pattern it is attached to. The axis perpendicular to the orientation of line patterns was defined as 0°. Thus, the data of cell orientation were categorized as Perpendicular (0–30°), Diagonal (30–60°), or Parallel (60–90°) (Fig. 1b). Surface coverage and biomass of biofilms were quantified using the software COMSTAT60.
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