In some studies, mice were i.p. injected for 5 days with vehicle (1% dimethyl sulfoxide in phosphate-buffered saline) or 1 mg kg−1 per day of tunicamycin (Sigma-Aldrich) to induce ER stress. In other studies, mice were orally gavaged for 12 days with vehicle (1% dimethyl sulfoxide in phosphate-buffered saline) or 150 mg kg−1 per day of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA; Sigma-Aldrich) to relieve ER stress.
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