Assessment of Inconsistency and Risk of Bias across Studies

The I ²‐parameter was used to quantify heterogeneity between the results of each study. If I ² >50%, this indicates substantial heterogeneity. We will explore potential reasons for heterogeneity using network meta‐regression. We also performed a statistical evaluation of consistency, which comprised agreement between direct and indirect evidence. If primary outcomes were reported in 10 or more included studies, we would use funnel plots to evaluate publication bias. Additionally, we assessed the effects of significant publication bias on meta‐analysis outcomes by conducting Egger's tests, where a p‐value less than 0.05 indicated significant bias.