Single-pixel lattice printing and cleaning

EPU (EPU 40), acquired from Carbon Inc. was used for printing single-pixel lattices. The design parameters of the lattices can be found in table S1. The single-pixel lattice was designed in the Carbon Engine Design Software. Before use, EPU 40 was pretreated upon receipt by heating to 40°C for 3 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The EPU 40 was then dispensed through a carbon mixing dispenser gun directly into the home-built 3D printing vat. All single-pixel lattice dielectric layers were printed at 120-ms initial exposure time under a UV intensity of 18.82 mW/cm² and 80-ms exposure time per layer under UV intensity of 12.55 mW/cm². Upon completion of printing, the single-pixel lattices underwent an optimized cleaning process. First, they were rinsed with isopropyl alcohol (IPA; Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 30 s and subjected to centrifugation for 4 min at 400 rpm. They were then rinsed in IPA for another 30 s and centrifuged for 2 min at 600 rpm. Last, the lattices were baked at 120°C for 8 hours and cooled to room temperature before proceeding with sensor fabrication.