Cells were stained with MitoTracker Red CMXRos dye (C1035, Beyotime, China) and DAPI. Briefly, following treatment with various procedures, the cell culture medium was removed. Then 100 nM MitoTracker Red CMXRos was added, and the cells were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. The cells were washed 3 times with HBSS and then incubated for 5 min at room temperature in DAPI labelling solution. The samples were visualized under a confocal microscope (TCS SP8 STED 3X, Leica).
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