Graduate Characteristics

Age, sex, race and ethnicity, degree program (e.g., MD, MD/PhD), public or private school ownership, and receipt of scholarship were available directly from the GQ and self-reported by the graduate. Although the AAMC now collects information on gender diversity from medical students in its most recent edition of surveys, the AAMC GQ and MSQ from 2010 to 2021 is limited to self-reported “sex assigned at birth,” and therefore, we were unable to identify gender diversity. We defined underserved practice plans as an affirmative response to practice in underserved locations or to practice for an underserved population as obtained from the GQ and self-reported by the graduate. Consistent with prior studies, we defined URiM as Black, Hispanic, Native American or Alaskan Native, or Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.^10,12 Owing to the risk of deidentifying graduates, specific race and ethnicity could not be revealed due to small numbers within categories. Information on family income was available in the MSQ for 64% of GQ respondents. We classified family income into quintiles based on the year of the MSQ matched to quintiles of US household income as reported by the US Census Bureau.²⁰ The GQ also contained information on the possession of home mortgages for respondents graduating from 2015 to 2021.