Statistical analyses

All experimental data were summarized as 1-min average values (mean ± SD) and Tre and Tco-est in all trials were summarized at baseline, and at increases of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5°C above baseline for statistical analyses. A repeated measure ANOVA was carried out to determine significant mean differences between Tre and Tco-est over the time of the experiment. When the ANOVA indicated significant main effect, post-hoc paired sample t-test was utilized to determine where those differences existed. Pearson’s correlation was performed to determine the strength of association between Tco-est and HR as well as Tco-est and Tb. In addition, Bland-Altman plots^[20] were created using SigmaPlot (v.12, Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA) in order to assess the degree of agreement between Tre and Tco-est (95% limits of agreement [LoA] = mean difference ± 1.96 SD). Also, a simple linear regression was calculated to predict Tco-est based on Tre, Tb, and HR. A statistical significance was accepted when p<0.05 and all analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (v.19.0, IBM, Somers, NY).