Disability-adjusted life years and socio-demographic index data, 1990–2016

The estimates of the DALY rate (per 100 000 population) for neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes and kidney diseases as well as the socio-demographic index in Japan for the years of 1990–2016 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study⁽¹³⁾. Detailed information regarding the estimation of DALY and socio-demographic index have been presented elsewhere^(13,14). Data extraction and analysis were performed by sex (male, female and sex combined) and age group (20–49 years old, 50–69 years old, ≥70 years old and all ages). We followed the age categorisation scheme used in the Global Burden of Disease study to guarantee comparability. Our study did not use data for the 0–19-year-old age group because of the lack of risk predictor data (see below).