Loperamide hydrochloride, gum arabic, charcoal, hematoxylin & eosin, and the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (VDCC) blocker nifedipine were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (USA). Dulcolax S was purchased from Sanofi-Aventis Korea Co. (Korea). Agio granule was purchased from BUKWANG PHARM.CO.,LTD (Korea). IEC-18 (ATCC CRL-1589), an epithelial cell line derived from the colon of rat intestines, was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) were purchased from Invitrogen Inc. (USA).
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