Cell Culture and Treatments

PANC-1 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells were obtained from the Korea Cell Line Bank (Republic of Korea). The cells were maintained in DMEM medium (Gibco BRL, USA) supplemented with 10% heat-incubated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Hyclone, USA), penicillin (100 U/ml), streptomycin (100 μg/ml) and 3.7 mg/ml NaHCO₃. PANC-1 cells were cultured in a 37°C in humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. To induce glucose deprivation, added a chemical stress, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG). 2DG as a chemical stressor is a substance such as hypoglycemia-mimicking agent [11, 12]. 2DG was purchased from Sigma (USA) and dissolved in sterilized distilled water at a stock concentration of 2 M. 2DG was added to the culture medium at a final concentration of 20 mM.