2.6. Intracellular rhodamine 123 (Rho123) accumulation assay

After treatment, 2×10⁵ cells were incubated with Rho123 dye at a final concentration of 10 μM for 90 min. After incubation, the cells were harvested and washed twice with ice-cold PBS, and then resuspended in PBS. The fluorescence intensity of the cells was determined using a FACS Calibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA).