2.1. Study Population

The population of this study consisted of participants from a previously published study that assessed nutritional status and depression as primary outcomes [9]. Briefly, PLWH aged 50 years and above were consecutively recruited at the time of regular HIV care visits. PLWH who were unable to stand, had injury or were amputated in one of their limbs, or had implanted metal devices were excluded from the study. PLWH with Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease or suspected to have neurological or cognitive impairments were also excluded.

We calculated the sample size based on the prevalence of those at risk of malnutrition (13.1%) [8] and precision (0.05); therefore, at least 175 PLWH were needed to assess the nutritional status and muscle mass in this study.