The meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4 software, with mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval chosen as the effect indicators. The selection of the model depended on the homogeneity of the data: the fixed effect model was used when the data were homogeneous (p ≥ 0.1 and I2 < 50), while the random effect model was chosen for heterogeneous data (p < 0.1 and I2 ≥ 50%). The combined results of the effect indicators were assessed using the Meta-analysis test criterion, indicating statistical significance when p < 0.05.
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