Immune simulation

We assessed the human immune system’s response to the constructed vaccines, including envelope, nucleoprotein, and proteome-wide vaccines, by employing an online immune simulation server known as C-ImmSim (https://kraken.iac.rm.cnr.it/C-IMMSIM/index.php?page=1) [37]. Three injections were administered at different time intervals (0, 17, and 56th day) and set other parameters as default. This server enabled us to evaluate the antigenicity of the vaccines and their ability to elicit immune responses upon injection. Through this server, we determined the level of helper T-cell 1 (Th1) and helper T-cell 2 (Th2) immune cells generated in response to the vaccines, as well as the production of interferon, cytokines, and antibodies, among other immunological responses, against the administered vaccines. The methodological flow of the work is given in Fig 1.

Each colour represents the specific step which can be recognized by the colour scheme given in the right panel.