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Risk of Bias across Studies

LQ Lingli Qin
PS Ping Song
XL Xian Li
LY Longhui Yang
FX Feng Xu
XZ Xueying Zhu
LC Lizhen Cai
GH Guangdi Hu
WS Weijia Sun
YZ Yunling Zhang
LZ Lu Zhang
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We assessed the potential presence of small sample utility or publication bias using an funnel plot. In this analysis, studies with large sample sizes and high event incidence rates had small standard errors, leading to a concentrated distribution in the upper part of the coordinate system. Conversely, studies with small sample sizes and low event incidence rates exhibited larger standard errors, resulting in a scattered distribution in the lower part of the coordinate system. We visually examined each included study for symmetry around the axis. Lack of symmetry would suggest the potential presence of publication bias, small sample size effects, or other contributing factors [42, 43].

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