Range of Motion (ROM)

Active and passive ROM was measured using a goniometer. Measurements included hip flexion and extension, hip abduction and adduction, and hip internal and external rotation. Hip flexion ROM measurements were performed with the patient in supine, placing the fulcrum of the goniometer over the greater trochanter, stationary arm parallel to long axis of the trunk/spine and moving arm parallel to long axis of femur, as patient performed hip flexion with knee flexed. Hip extension was performed similarly, except with patient in supine with lower extremity and half of trunk suspended over edge of mat Hip abduction and adduction ROM measurements were performed with patient in supine with goniometer fulcrum over the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), distal end of stationary arm on opposite ASIS, and moving arm parallel to long axis of femur, as patient performed abduction and adduction movements. Hip internal and external rotation measurements were performed with the patient sitting at the edge of the mat, with fulcrum over tibial tuberosity, stationary arm parallel to floor, and moving arm parallel to tibial crest as patient performed rotational movements.