Screening of health behaviors

Participants' general health behaviors were screened by assessing their fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, and substance-related risk behaviors. In line with the WHO recommendation, the fruit and vegetable intake were assessed with four items (e.g., “How many days per week do you typically eat vegetables?”). Physical activity was assessed with the Godin Leisure-Time-Questionnaire (Godin, 2011) that consists of four items (e.g., “How often are you regularly physical active in your free time so long that you are sweating?”). Furthermore, smoking was assessed with two-item Heaviness of Smoking Index (Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, Rickert, & Robinson, 1989) as a short form of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND; Fagerström & Schneider, 1989) assessing the time to first cigarette and cigarettes per day. Alcohol consumption was assessed with the Alcohol Use Identification Test - Consumption Questions (AUDIT-C; Bush, Kivlahan, McDonell, Fihn, & Bradley, 1998) on three items (e.g., “How often did you have 6 or more drinks on one occasion in the past year?”). Data on mental health and general health-related behavior were not analyzed in this paper but they were included in multiple imputations in cases of missings (see section “statistical analyses”).