2.1. Chemicals and Standards

Acetonitrile for ultra-pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC, gradient grade), neocuproine, and ammonium acetate were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), while copper (II) chloride and sodium acetate were purchased from Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy). Methanol, sodium acetate, phloroglucinol, sodium carbonate decahydrate, iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, rhamnose, fructose, sorbitol, glucose, sucrose, oxalic, citric, tartaric, malic, quinic, ascorbic, shikimic, fumaric, hydrochloric, formic, phosphoric, acetic acid and gallic, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-1,3,5-triazine), DPPH^• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), AAPH (2,2′-azobis (2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride), fluorescein disodium (FL), potassium persulfate, sodium and calcium chloride, disodium and dipotassium phosphate, starch from potato, α-amylase from porcine pancreas (type VI-8), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (type I), lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) from porcine pancreas (type II), p-nitrophenyl acetate, and 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate (4-MUO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside, phenolic acids (neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ellagic), phloretin, (-)-epigallate, (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, procyanidin B1 and B2, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol, myricetin-3-O-galactoside, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin, quercetin-4‘-O-glucoside, and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside were from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). UPLC grade water, prepared by using an HLP SMART 1000 s system (Hydrolab, Gdańsk, Poland), was filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane filter immediately before use.