X-ray diffraction analysis of the starch granules was conducted on an X-ray powder diffractometer (D8, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany), at a voltage of 40 kV and a current of 40 mA. The starches were tightly packed into the glass sample holder, and data were collected over an angular range of 2θ from 3° to 40° with a step of 0.05°. The relative crystallinity (RC, %) was calculated using Origin software (OriginLab Co., Northampton, MA, USA) following the method of Zhang, et al. [26].
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