The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS)

The BRS consists of six items (Smith et al., 2008). Each item was rated on a five-point scale ranging from 1 = ‘strongly disagree’ to 5 = ‘strongly agree’. We used the traditional Chinese version validated by Tu et al. (2017). An average score is used to indicate the level of resilience. The Cronbach's α coefficients were 0.76, 0.76, and 0.79 in the pooled sample and in samples 1 and 2, respectively.