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Measurements and definitions

SA Shunsuke Amagasa
MK Masahiro Kashiura
HY Hideto Yasuda
MH Mineji Hayakawa
KY Kazuma Yamakawa
AE Akira Endo
TO Takayuki Ogura
AH Atsushi Hirayama
HY Hideo Yasunaga
TT Takashi Tagami
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The primary outcome measure was in-hospital death due to COVID-19 during hospitalization. Intensive care volume was defined as the number of patients admitted to the ICU between January and December 2019, the year before the COVID-19 pandemic, and it was subdivided into three categories, as per previous studies12,24,25 to evaluate the dose–response relationship. A cutoff number was defined to determine the number of patients as evenly as possible. The top third institutions were defined as high-volume centers, the middle third ones as middle-volume centers, and the bottom third ones as low-volume centers. We used the Charlson comorbidity index to measure underlying disease26. We used the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score as an index of severity27.

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