2.4.4. Scanning Electron Microscope of Bread Samples

As mentioned by Naumenko et al. [26], for the study of colloidal and biochemical processes, bread crumb was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bread crumb sample preparation for the study includes the chemical fixation of liquid CO₂ under pressure. The samples were sputtered in thin gold layer with thickness of 2-5 nm by sputtering in an apparatus for localization signal on the sample surface and to enhance the conductivity.